Bernaerts' Guide _UNCLOS 1982
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Book page 74-73

DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF MARINE TECHNOLOOGY
Section: Part XIV, Articles 266-278

 

Development and Transfer of Technology - UNCLOS 1982The Convention refers to marine technology” chiefly in terms of exploration, exploitation, conservation, and management of marine resources, the protection and preservation of the marine environment, marine scientific research, and other activities in the marine environment[1] although in the greater sense it includes “all kinds of technology”[2].  The aim of this part of the Convention is to promote and develop knowledge, technology, the necessary technological infrastructure for the transfer of such technology, training and education, and co-operation on all levels[3] as well as to develop the marine scientific and technological capacity of such states, particularly developing states, which may need and request assistance to accelerate their social and economic development[4]. In particular, the Convention hopes to stimulate and advance the conduct of marine research by developing coastal states and to enhance their national capabilities to utilize and preserve their marine resources for their economic benefit[5], especially with regard to their exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The transfer of technology is to take place on fair and reasonable terms and conditions[6], with due regard for all legitimate interests, including inter alia the rights and duties of holders, suppliers, and recipients of marine technology[7].

In addition to the Sea-Bed Authority[8] competent international organizations are, either at the request of states[9] or directly or in close co-operation among themselves[10] to ensure the efficiency of the transfer of technology, although states may promote such activities on their own initiative[11]; however, with regard to the transfer of technology to developing states, they are obligated to co­operate with the international organizations so as to assure efficient co-ordination[12].

[1] Art. 266, Para . 2,   
[2] Art. 269, Subpara. (a),   
[3] Art. 268,   
[4] Art. 266, Para . 2,   
[5]Art. 275, Para . 1,    
[6]
Art. 266, Para . 1,   
[7] Art. 267,    
[8] Art. 274,

[9] e.g., Art. 266(1); Art. 271,    
[10] Art. 278,   
[11] e.g. Art. 269, Para.1; Art. 275, Para . 1,   
[12] Art. 272-273,    
[13] Art. 269,    
[14]
Art. 270,    
[15] Art. 275,    
[16] Art. 276,

[17] Art. 269,   
[18] Art. 275,    
[19]
Art. 277,    
[20]
Art. 143-144; AIII, Art. 5 and 15,    
[21] Art. 244,    
[22]
Art. 202-203,   
[23] Art. 254, Para. 3,

Support can be provided directly[13] through bilateral, regional, or multilateral programmes[14], or by the establishment or strengthening of established national[15] or regional[16] centers. The measures to be taken should include programmes of co-operation, conclusion of agreements and contracts, conferences and seminars, exchange of scientists and technological and other experts, and joint ventures[17].

The national centres are to stimulate and advance the conduct of marine research[18] whereas the functions of the regional centres include inter alia training and educational programmes, management studies, publicizing of national policies with regard to the transfer of marine technology, and statistical work[19].

These provisions on transfer of technology also have an impact on other parts of the Convention related to the support of developing states, such as participation in activities in the Area[20], the flow of scientific research data[21] technical assistance for pollution management[22] and participation of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states in scientific research in the exclusive economic zone[23].

[1] Art. 266, Para . 2,   [2] Art. 269, Subpara. (a),   [3] Art. 268,    [4] Art. 266, Para . 2,   [5]Art. 275, Para . 1,    [6] Art. 266, Para . 1,   [7] Art. 267,    [8] Art. 274,    [9] e.g., Art. 266(1); Art. 271,    [10] Art. 278,    [11] e.g. Art. 269, Para.1; Art. 275, Para . 1,   [12] Art. 272-273,    [13] Art. 269,    [14] Art. 270,    [15] Art. 275,    [16] Art. 276,    [17] Art. 269,    [18] Art. 275,    [19] Art. 277,    [20] Art. 143-144; AIII, Art. 5 and 15,    [21] Art. 244,    [22] Art. 202-203,    [23] Art. 254, Para. 3,   

Further Readings : 
 
- Measures to Close the Economic Gap (Commentary),  
 - Co-operation"Competent International Organizations". (Commentary)

Transfer of Marine Technology - UNCLOS 1982

Next page 76

Book published:
1988 Fairplay/UK,
2005 (reprint) by

Trafford Publishing,
1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200
Bloomington, IN 47403, Canada.

 
329 pages, ISBN 1-4120-7665-x;


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Preface of the reprint in 2005

More than 15 years ago FAIRPLAY PUBLICATIONS Ltd, Coulsdon, Surrey, England, published the book "Bernaerts' Guide to the Law of the Sea - The 1982 United Nations Convention". The guiding potential of the book to find access to the Law of the Sea Convention is still given. Internet technology and publishing on demand invite to provide the interested reader and researcher with this tool again. Only the Status of the Convention (ratification etc) has been updated and instead of the Final Act, the book edition includes the "Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea" of 1994. The corresponding web site neither includes the text of the 1982 Convention, nor the Agreement of 1994. The thorough Index of the 1988 edition is reproduced without changes.
Arnd Bernaerts, October 2005,
Comments 1988-1990
___"an invaluable guide to the understanding and implementation of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"
Satya N. Nandan, U.N. Undersecretay, in: Book Foreword, 1988
__"clearly presented" R.R. Churchill, in: Maritime Policy & Management 1989, p. 340
__"the (book's) concept, which is so wonderful simple, is exactly the factor which makes the book so useful for both the novice as well as the person with extensive experience"
M. Bonefeld, in: Verfassung und Recht, 1989, pp. 83-85
__"the work contains much useful background information…." R.W. Bentham, in: Journal of Energy & Natural Resource Law, 1989, p. 336
__"Bernaerts has saved us a struggle" JG, in: Fairplay Shipping Weekly Magazin, 13th October 1988, p. 33
__"this is probably the best edition on the Convention to put into the hands of students"
A.V. Lowe, in: Int'l and Comparative Law Quarterly 1990, p. 16
__"it will be an invaluable reference tool and should sit on the book shelves of policy makers and all others who are involved in maritime matters"
Vivian I. Forbes, in: The Indian Ocean Review, May 1990, p.10

Bernaerts’s Guide to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

FOREWORD of the 1988 edition
by Satya N. Nandan
 
Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for the Law of the Sea Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea

Revolutionary changes have taken place in the International Law of the Sea since 1945. The process of change was accelerated in the last two decades by the convening in 1973 of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. The protracted negotiations, spanning over a decade, culminated in the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982. By 9 December 1984, the closing date for signature, 159 signatures were appended to the Convention, the largest number for any such multilateral instrument in the history of international relations.

The Convention, which was adopted as a comprehensive package, introduced a new equity in the relationship among states with respect to the uses of the ocean and the allocation of its resources. It deals, inter alia, with sovereignty and jurisdiction of states, navigation and marine transport, over flight of aircraft, marine pollution, marine scientific research, marine technology, conservation and exploitation of marine living resources, the development and-exploitation of marine non-living resources in national and international areas, and unique provisions dealing with the settlement of disputes concerning the interpretation and application of the new regime.

There is no doubt that as we approach the 21st century, more and more attention will be paid to the uses of the oceans and the development of their resources. It is important, therefore, that these developments should take place within a widely accepted legal framework so that there is certainty as to the rights and obligations of all states. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that framework. It establishes a standard for the conduct of states in maritime matters. It is thus a major instrument for preventing conflicts among states.

The convention and its annexes contain over 400 articles. For many it may be a formidable undertaking to grasp the substance and structure of it without making a considerable investment in time and energy. Mr Bernaerts' guide, therefore, is a welcome addition to the growing body of literature on the convention. It provides a most useful reference tool which will benefit administrators and policy makers, as well as scholars. It makes the convention accessible to the uninitiated and refreshes, at a glance, the memories of the initiated. With meticulous references and graphic presentations of the provisions of the convention, Mr Bernaerts has given to the international community an invaluable guide to the understanding and implementation of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
April 1988


PREFACE (extract) of the 1988 edition

 
The reader will be aware that the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is the first constitution of the oceans, a ground-breaking document in many respects. He or she might also have made the discovery that the full text of the Convention is immediately accessible only to experts. If the Convention were only a treaty consisting of straightforward technical regulatory provisions, it could be left to them with a clear conscience. But the Convention is to a large extent a political document and, as such, is expected to influence significantly the development of relations among the states in the world community; for this reason, a wide-spread knowledge of the scope, goals, and regulatory framework of the Convention can only serve to further the aims of the document and would surely follow the intentions of the many men and women who made this Convention their life-work, such as Arvid Pardo (Malta), Hamilton Shirtey Amerasinghe (Sri Lanka), Tommy T. B. Koh (Singapore), and Satya N. Nandan (Fiji), to name only a few of the hundreds who worked on the preparation of this Convention.
 
As the reader uses the Guide (Part II), he will find that many provisions of the Convention are much easier to understand if one knows the basic framework within which a particular regulation is placed. The Guide aims to provide this framework, with reference to the text of the Convention and, in addition, t& the supporting Commentary of Part III, which describes the overall context of the major terms arid concepts. The Introduction of Part I sketches the historical background of the Convention and some of the general effects. A detailed index at the end of the book will be of assistance in finding specific subjects.

 

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